Expeditioner med R/V Skagerak

Projektnamn: Marin miljöövervakning mjukbottnar (PMK)

Forskare: Arne Nygren 

Om projektet (in English):

We will collect samples from Strömstad to Öresund from soft sediments using a grab. The main objective is to collect data in order to monitor changes in the soft bottom macrofaunal communities.

Projektnamn: REDRESS@Bratten

Forskare: Laurenz Thomsen

Om projektet (på engelska): 

The funded EU project REDRESS (2024-2028, 27 partners, 11 M€) aims at reversing habitat degradation and biodiversity loss by actively restoring damaged deep-sea habitats and promoting passive recovery, developing an EU scalable plan, based on innovative or existing and tested solutions, and a process of commitments for deep-sea restoration within governance, financing systems and the public. One ambition of REDRESS is to identify priority areas for deep-sea restoration.  It will develop and use innovative approaches and demonstrate their technological readiness for deep-sea restoration and for future upscale interventions. The monitoring and maintenance of the restoration activities are key components to ensure the restoration success over time. REDRESS dedicates an entire WP to implement the use of technologies already available but never deployed in an integrated manner to support the active restoration and the (semi-automatic) monitoring of measuring the success of the interventions. This WP couples the most advanced (and cost-efficient) technologies  to support active and passive restoration success in deep-sea habitats.  One priority area  is the Swedish MPA Bratten. where soft-bottom habitats were heavily impacted by bottom trawling. The monitoring and restoration site at Bratten is located within the in the “Sjöpennebottnar” no-take zone in the “Bratten MPA” covering 2000 ha, an offshore area largely within the Swedish EEZ in the Skagerrak, at a depth of 200-560m. The restoration will focus on the reintroduction of i) the pennatulacean F. quadrangularis, ii) sponges

of the genus Suberites, iii) N. norvergicus, and iv) holothurians of the genus Stichopus. The working group of Laurenz Thomsen from GU will monitor the sediment topography and plume dispersal within the restoration site and test new robotic interventions in collaboration with NIOZ and GEOMAR. The partner institutions will deploy heavy oceanographic equipment including landers and robots to monitor the ecosystem. One week of shiptime is proposed for summer 2025.

Projektnamn: Pathways and Mixing of dense waters across the Faroe-Shetland channel

Forskare: Fabien Roquet

Om projektet (på engelska): 

The Faroe Bank Channel is the deepest passage across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, allowing dense waters from the Nordic Seas to flow into the North Atlantic, forming the lower North Atlantic Deep Water, a crucial element of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This project aims to enhance the understanding of the pathways and mechanisms by which these waters progress from their ventilation sources to the Faroe Bank Channel, a process critical for predicting how climate change may impact the AMOC. Recent research suggests two main pathways for water reaching the Faroe Bank Channel, one along the northern flank of the Faroe Plateau and another, deeper route retroflecting from the Norwegian slope. Both paths converge in the Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC), a key conduit for dense overflow waters, before reaching the Faroe Bank Channel. The mechanisms by which waters from these two different paths merge within the FSC remain unclear, with mesoscale eddies likely playing a significant role. 

This expedition will collect hydrographic and current meter data to analyze water transport across the Faroe-Shetland Channel and map out the recently discovered retroflection of waters originating from the Norwegian slope. Measurements of mixing using a microstructure sensor will help estimate the location and rate of transformation of water masses across the FSC. Surveys from a glider during the same period will bring an unprecedented sampling of this critical region. The study aims to improve our understanding of eddy dynamics and flow-bottom interaction in the channel, and how these processes contribute to the FBC overflow, supporting more accurate predictions of AMOC behaviour in a warming climate.

Projektnamn: NCPOR - East Greenland shelf expedition

Forskare: Nuncio Murukesh

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Cruise proposed in the Greenland shelf and Denmark Strait to study the Transport across the Denmark strait and the phytoplankton/microbiological and geochemical characteristics.  37 sampling stations are proposed with CTD and nutrient and chlorophyll in all the stations, while other microbiological and biological sampling will be carried out after every two stations. We also plan to deploy underway CTD as well as zooplankton sampling using vertical plankton nets at selected stations.  

Projektnamn: SPRS, BAS, GU Greenland Skagerak expedition August 2025, ECR program

Ansvarig forskare: Julia Christin Muchowski

Om projektet (på engelska): 

ECR program (ECR=Early Career Researcher). 

Projektnamn: Exploration of Bratton Cold Coral Area

Huvudforskare: Rhian Waller

Om projektet (på engelska):

The research will be to do ROV surveys for biodiversity in three regions within the Bratten Marine Protected Area. One area will be within a totally closed zone, one on the edge of this zone and one within an open fisheries area. 

The plan is for two cruises, 18 months apart (so sampling two seasons). All areas will need surveying with multibeam before ROV deployment (TML ROV is provisionally included in the proposal, though the hope is to find a more suitable system to be able to use - cofunding with other proposals would be welcomed). We will deploy a 12 month rotating sediment trap and 3 ARMS panels at each location. We will also subsample three species of cold water coral at each location during each cruise.  

Projektnamn: SkaMix@UGOT

Huvudforskare: Göran Broström

Om projektet (på engelska): 

This project will be carried out in collaboration with German, Swedish, and Norwegian partners. Germany partners have applied for ship-time for two medium sized research vessels (RV Elisabeth Mann Borghese and RV Heinke). We aim to take part in this international experiment with RV Skagerak. 

SkaMix is an international effort to investigate water mass transformation in Skagerak. In 2025, two German Ships and RV Skagerak will do synchronized detailed investigation of mixing dynamics and drift patterns. The GU team will focus on southern Skagerrak and the Kattegat-Skagerrak front. In addition, we want to combine the 2025 expedition with a follow up expedition in 2026 that focuses on mixing conditions and transport pathways in Kattegat. We will make use of other GU infrastructure where available, such as gliders, autonomous surface vehicles (USVs) to supplement the ship-based observations. Ship funding is secured for 2025 and 2026, and we will submit a proposal to FORMAS to support these expeditions.

The central objective of SkaMix is to obtain a quantitative understanding of water mass transformation processes in a complex ocean mixing hotspot region, the Skagerrak that connects the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat with the North Sea. The processes in the Skagerrak as a prototype water mass transformation region determine the fate of at least three inflowing water masses (Baltic outflow, Jutland current, Atlantic water) that create two outflowing water masses (Norwegian Coastal Current, Baltic inflow). Those outflowing water masses with their hydrographic signature (temperature, salinity) and biogeochemical constituents (e.g., oxygen, nutrients, organisms) are source waters for large water bodies such as the Baltic Sea and the Norwegian Sea that determine their dynamics and ecosystem processes.

The key research questions of SkaMix are:

1.  What are the inflowing and outflowing currents in the Skagerrak and what is the T-S signature and their strength? How does this vary spatially and temporally? , as function of time and space?

2. What are the major drivers for the variability and trends of the transports of these currents?

3. What are the major processes that drive the water mass transformation inside the Skagerrak?

4. What are the pathways of water masses inside the Skagerrak and what are the residence times of these water masses?

5. How can the results from the Skagerrak expedition be generalized for other oceanic water mass transformation hotspots?

6.  How can the numerical framework of this region be transferred to other mixing hotspots?

Projektnamn: High resolution trace gas dynamics in fjords

Huvudforskare: Stefano Bonaglia

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Emissions of the potent greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are far from being resolved, especially in remote marine areas such as fjords. Eutrophic and anoxic fjords can be emission hotspots, but budgets remain undeveloped. Here I aim to test whether deoxygenation, the loss of oxygen due to excessive nutrients, enhances greenhouse gas emissions by investigating gas fluxes at high spatial resolution along fjords with clear oxygen gradients. The work is organized in two work packages to: (1) resolve spatial patterns of CO2, N2O and CH4 air-sea exchange; (2) create fjord budgets to extrapolate the obtained fluxes globally. Underway laser detectors and stable isotope analyses will be used to resolve emissions and geochemical pathways driving greenhouse gas fluxes. This will make it possible to construct the first global assessment of the importance of fjords in oceanic trace gas budgets. By crossing the boundaries between biogeochemistry and oceanography, this project will close significant gaps in our understanding of coastal trace gas dynamics and resolve imbalances in current budgets. It will reveal whether expansion of anoxia represents positive feedback for climate change, and ultimately build arguments for managing nutrient enrichment.

Projektnamn: DIVERSEA - Integrated Observation, Mapping, Monitoring and Prediction for Functional Biodiversity of Coastal Seas

Huvudforskare: Martin Hassellöv

Om projektet (på engelska): 

The short cruise 2 days including, steaming time, for a technology deep dive at the Bratten MPA, is part of the EU project DIVERSEA. DIVERSEA is aiming at developing and applying novel technology and assessments for monitoring Marine Biodiversity and impact drivers on biodiversity. GU is contributing with testing out and applying new protocols for a mini-AUV and integrated sensors, with a 500m capacity. During the spring the Boxfish AUV will be evaluated in shallower missions, but here is applied for 400+ m dive missions in the canyons of the Bratten area. Bratten is outside Swedish territorial waters, still within Swedish EEZ, so relaxed permit processes apply for hydroacoustic surveys. We have obtained detailed multibeam data from HAV already as basis for selecting the mission site(s), where we intend to map the seafloor of a very limited area(s), approximately 100x100m with multibeam prior to sending down the AUV. We plan to select one flat bottom site, one slop (Bratten slope), and one canyon vertical wall site.

The miniAUV project withing DIVERSEA is also collaborating with Laurenz Thomsen in his EU projects, and we welcome coordinated efforts.

We will align with SLU with previous drop-camera sites, to compare methodology.

Projektnamn: Identification and distribution of harmful organic substances in connection to un-exploded ordinance (UXO)

Huvudforskare: Katarina Abrahamsson

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Here, we propose to study the occurrence and distribution of these compounds in an area outside Måseskär on the Swedish west coast, where several warships with ammunition where sunken after WW2. The methodology to be used is a universal sensor based on Raman spectroscopy with subsequent processing with machine learning. A number of compounds identified as chemical warfare agents ahave distinct Raman spectrum which enables us to identify these compounds in single measurements. The sediments will be investigated, if possible, with the sensor mounted on a crawler. In addition water samples will be collected. The sampling sites will be identified utilizing the hydro acoustic equipment on Skagerak.

Om projektet (på engelska):

The purpose of the voyage is to collect sidescan and multibeam data from the wreck site of MS Estonia contracted by the Estonian safety investigation bureau.

Projektnamn: Baltic Sea 2023

Forskare: Isaac Santos

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Perform tracer measurements to estimate submarine groundwater discharge to the Baltic Sea and related fluxes of pollutants.

Projektnamn: Identifying glacial melt processes in Greenland fjords

Forskare: Anna Wåhlin

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Reliable representation of mixing processes is needed for a correct estimation of ocean budgets and global flows of energy, freshwater, salt, nutrients and carbon, and better knowledge in this area will lead to more reliable models for prediction of climate and sea-level rise.

An inherent uncertainty is that the nonlinear processes that lead to the energy cascade from large to small scales are not possible to solve analytically even in simplified forms, and that they are prone to numerical instability.

Numerous laboratory experiments have been performed for example in pipes and channels to quantify the energy cascade. Much fewer experiments have been conducted in the ocean, where fundamental knowledge gaps still exist. In this project we will examine the interaction of the buoyancy-driven (forced by glacial meltwater) and the shelf-driven circulation in three Greenland fjords, and the dynamics in the near-ice zone.

Rapid mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has sparked interest in its glacial fjords since the anomalous freshwater thus discharged from Greenland is transformed by fjord processes before being released into the large-scale ocean. Knowledge of the fjords’ dynamics is thus key to understanding global ocean circulation and climate. The deep sills and grounded glaciers of Greenland’s fjords make them unique systems that deviate from present understanding of fjord circulation.

The mixing processes in the fjords will be investigated using ship-based instrumentation (CTD, MSS) as well as similar instruments carried by our AUV Ran. In each fjord we will perform two AUV missions - one underneath and near the base of the ice melange in the inner fjord, and one near the seabed in the inner fjord. From the mission near the ice melange we will get information about the mixing properties of the ice-water mixture and any buoyant meltwater plumes. From the mission near the seabed we will get information about historical changes of the ice conditions in the fjord. During the course of the AUV missions we will occupy three transects across the fjord and one along-fjord transect with the ship, stopping at regularly-spaced CTD stations where we will also get MSS microstructure data.

Projektnamn: Iceland shelf 2023

Forskare:  Isaac Santos

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Estimate terrestrial carbon fluxes from Eastern Iceland glaciers to the surrounding ocean. Investigate submarine groundwater discharge from Eastern Iceland glaciers to the surrounding ocean. Investigate sediment properties and biogeochemical processes in sediments.

Water column sampling using Rosette with water bottles or pumps.

 - Seawater (surface and bottom) and shallow sediment samples (up to 50 cm penetration into sediments).

 - Water samples also for natural geochemical tracers, nutrients, carbon, and heavy metals. 

Multibeam echosounder and sonars.

Sediment sampling using multiple corer, box-corer and/or GEMAX corer.

Projektnamn: Young chemists' fjord expedition 2023

Forskare: Stefano Bonaglia

Om projektet (på engelska):

This project will investigate how environmental gradients in oxygen and contaminant concentrations affect the marine carbon cycle in boreal fjords. We will use R/V Skagerak to sample inside two fjords on the West Coast of Sweden to test how anthropogenic pollution affects biogeochemical and microbial processes in seawater and sediments. Each fjord will be sampled along transects from head to mouth (see voyage maps) to be able to catch the gradients in oxygen and pollutants. The cruise is fully sponsored by surplus funds by Prof. emer. David Turner. His main wish is to see this as an opportunity for young marine chemists at the department to try out new ideas, instruments, and to explore opportunities for collaboration while working together on new R/V Skagerak.

Projektnamn: Marin miljöövervakning mjukbottnar (PMK)

Forskare: Arne Nygren

Om projektet (på engelska): 

Collecting samples (0,1 m2 grab) from Öresund to Strömstad from soft sediments.

Projektnamn: SEEPS II

Forskare: Katarina Abrahamsson

Om projektet (på engelska):

The suggested cruise has multiple aims all related to gas seepage and/or gas deposits and pockmarks in sediments with the aim to study the effect and source of possible methane seeps in the Skagerak. One aim is to verify and test a newly developed sensor based on Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. Secondly, a novel technique for the determination of biomarkers in sediments will be applied in order to evaluate formation and degradation rates of methane and to attribute methanes origin through the isotopic composition. Thirdly, image analysis and machine learning will be used to develop a method to automate morphological species identification for key microfossil species 

Projektnamn: Baltic Sea ice dynamics

Forskare: Anna Wåhlin

Om projektet (på engelska):

Ice covers 14 percent of the world's oceans, and primarily in the polar regions that are presently experiencing more rapid climate change than the rest of the world. The presence of sea ice removes or reduces surface waves and the direct action of the wind on the ocean surface is removed. Therefor the processes that normally mediates the transfer of momentum, heat, and gas between the atmosphere and ocean are inhibited or changed. However, the properties and processes in the under-ice boundary layer are not sufficiently constrained by observations. Measuring turbulence near ice boundary is challenging and only a few direct measurements exist. The challenges are posed by logistical problems in reaching the ice-covered areas, and to access the underside of the ice itself to place sensors in the boundary layer sufficiently close to the ice. Remote sensing of turbulence is a way of accessing the boundary layer without disturbing the medium itself, and by equipping an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with an upward-looking remote (acoustic) turbulence sensor it is possible to scan the underside to get detailed spatial information of the turbulence and mixing. Since the AUV swims in underneath the ice the environment will be undisturbed. In order to understand the processes causing the turbulence it is also necessary to get information about the ice structure and thickness distribution, as well as the movement of the ice. 

In this project we will test equipment for surveying of the ice-ocean boundary layer that we will later bring to Greenland fjords and to Antarctica under the great floating glaciers in the Antarctic coast. We will also ground truth remote sensing data, and retrieve a unique data set that allows new calculation of internal ice stress.

Projektnamn: Nord Stream explosion - where will the methane go?

Forskare: Katarina Abrahamsson

Om projektet (på engelska): 

The explosion of the gas pipelines Nord Stream 1 and 2 on the 26^th of September was one of the largest unnatural releases of methane. Methane is one of the strongest greenhouse gases therefore focus was put on the magnitude of the release of methane to the atmosphere. The applied project is for a follow up cruise that was performed one week after the event. The aim is to determine the fate of methane released into sea water in relation to the estimated amount of release to the atmosphere. The studies include determination of methane, the planktonic community as well as other more conservative climate active gases.